Important Terminology of Genetics&Plant Breeding
Terminology :
1. Genetics: The branch of biology concerned with the study of heredity and variation
2. Eugenics: The application of principles of genetics for the improvement of humankind.
3. Gene pool: The sum total of all the alleles present in the breeding or reproductive members of a random mating population.
4. Gene frequency: The proportion of one allele relative to all the alleles of a gene in a Mendelian population.
5. Cytogenetics: Concerns with the study of various aspects of chromosomes and their effects on the development of characters of organisms
6. Genome: A complete set of chromosomes of a diploid species
7. The first artificial hybrids in plants were produced by Thomas Fairchild in 1717 when he crossed sweet William with carnation.
8. Euphenics: Deals with the control of hereditary diseases especially inborn errors of metabolism.
9. Epistasis: When one gene affects in any way the expression of another gene, the phenomenon is called epistasis.
10. Genomics: It refers to the study of the structure and function of entire genome of an organism.
Important Terminology of Genetics&Plant Breeding
11. Biodiversity: Refers to the total variability present within and among species of all living organisms and their habits
12. Acclimatization: Refers to adaptation or adjustment of an introduced variety to the new environment.
13. A -line: Means the male sterile parent used in crossing to develop a new hybrid seed. it is the male sterile line.
14. B -line: It is the fertile counter parent of the ‘A’ line, it is also called the maintainer line.
15. R -line: It is an inbred line which when crossed with a male sterile strain, the resultant hybrid is male fertile.
16. In vitro: biochemical process taking place in a test tubes (in lab.)
17. In vivo: biological process taking place in a living cell or organism.
18. Cris -cross inheritance: Inheritance of sex linked genes from grandfather to grandson through daughter.
19.Gene cloning: Isolating a gene and process of producing identical copies is known as gene cloning.
20. Electroporation: A technique uses electric discharge to produce pores on cell membrane for intake of recombinant DNA.
21. Heterosis: Heterosis: The superiority of F1 in one or more character over its parents known as Heterosis/hybrid vigour.
22. Heterobeltosis: When F1is found superior to either parents
23. Allogamy/cross pollination: Pollen grains from flowers of one plant transferred to receptive stigmas of flower of another plants.
24.Self pollination/autogamy: Pollen grains from an anther fall on receptive stigma of the same flower.
25. Chasmogamy: Flower opens, but only after the pollination has taken place e.g.Moong
Important Terminology of Genetics&Plant Breeding
26. Cleistogamy: Flower does not open at all, ensuring complete self pollination e.g. Wheat, cereals.
27. Geitonogamy: Pollen grains from flowers of one plant fall on the receptive stigmas of other flower of the same plant e.g. Maize
28. Monoecious: Male and female reproductive structures are found on the same plant but in separate flowers e.g. Maize
29. Dioecious: Male and female reproductive structures are found on separate plants e.g. Papaya, date palm
30. Pseudo-heterosis: Superiority of F1over its parents in vegetative growth, but not in yield and adaptation also called Luxuriance.
31. Inbreeding: Mating between closely related individuals such asselfing and sub -mating.
32. Inbreeding depression: Loss or decrease in vigour and fitness as
result of inbreeding.
33. Three way cross hybrid: The hybrid progeny between a single cross and an inbred viz. (A x B) x C.
34. Double cross hybrid: the hybrid progeny from a cross Wes* tvw single crosses.
35. Top Cross: A cross betucen an inbred line and an ope. pollinated variety. Also knovsn as inbred sarieties cross.
